Media Accountability in the MENA-Region

In April 2020, the Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism with support funding from the Federal German Foreign Office started the "Media Accountability in the MENA Region" project.

The aim is to support media accountability mechanisms in 10 countries in the MENA region: Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Syria and Tunisia.

The first phase the project was to conduct a pilot-study of the current state of play of media accountability mechanisms in daily journalistic work in the study countries.

The next phase involved holding five online conferences in February 2021 on media accountability, which analyzed the outcomes as well as the recommendations of the pilot-study. More than 260 representatives from the media, such as journalists, editors-in-chief, media publishers, journalists’ associations, NGO representatives as well as academic and non-academic journalism educators provided important trends and recommendations for the future in order to enhance media accountability in the MENA region.

A regional network was formed with 39 representatives from the MENA region, who would like to support the process of fostering media accountability as an important tool of ethical media coverage within self-regulatory structures.

The project is still ongoing and provides on this online resource platform a range of tools in Arabic and English such as the video-material of conferences and workshops, research studies, ombudsmen handbooks as guidelines, interviews with Executive Directors of well-established Press Councils as well as seminar presentations (PPT) related to comparative media accountability structures.

In the following you can find more information about the project, its conferences and findings:

Introduction to "Media Accountability"

A team led by Prof. Dr. Susanne Fengler, Director of the Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism, examined in the MediaAct project’s publication media self-regulation and the transparency of the media in Europe.

For three and a half years, MediaAct focused on the opportunities offered by innovative instruments for media self-regulation, for example blogs or online ombudsmen. MediaAcT was the only media-related project coordinated by a German institution that the 7th EU Research Framework Program selected for support and funding (€1.5 million).

There were in addition to the Dortmund University researchers, 11 partner institutions from Eastern and Western European countries as well as one from the Arab world. From Finland in the north to Tunisia in the south, the research teams analyzed and compared the development and impact of various forms of media responsibility.

In this broad field of study, the MediaAct researchers and scientists wanted to find out which established and which innovative forms of media self-regulation are represented in the study’s countries.

One goal of the project was to develop policy recommendations for EU lawmakers in the field of media. The scientists also took cultural differences into account and researched which forms of media self-regulation have been established in which media and journalism cultures.

The MediaAcT project started with a kick-off conference in February 2010 in Dortmund. Further workshops and conferences followed in Estonia, Poland and Switzerland.

In her PowerPoint presentation Prof. Dr. Susanne Fengler, Director of the Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism, provides an introduction to this topic.
 

PowerPoint Arabic I PowerPoint English

Pilot Study and Online Conference "Media Accountability in the MENA-Region"

Pilot Study

The Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism (TU Dortmund University, Germany) published in 2021, the results of a pilot study on media accountability in nine MENA countries. The study includes Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, and Syria.

The study is available in Arabic and English language and is based on more than 100 qualitative interviews with local experts. The study provides an overview of the emergence of press/media councils, ethic codes, ombudsmen, media criticism on social media, and other media accountability instruments in the MENA region, and critically discusses their potential role in restrictive regimes.

Pilot Study English I Pilot Study Arabic

Online Conference

On February 23-25, 2021, the Erich-Brost-Institute for International Journalism conducted in cooperation with the Samir Kassir Foundation (Lebanon), MENA Media Monitoring (Tunisia), Media Development Center Tunisia and Philip Madanat Consultancy (Jordan), a series of high-profile online discussions related to the pilot-study outcomes, reaching about 300 participants from the MENA region.The pilot-study "Media Accountability in the MENA Region" outcomes show that only a few selected aspects of media accountability instruments in MENA have been investigated during recent decades. Freedom of the media and freedom of expression are in many countries restricted by governments or by economic, religious, societal, or other actors, and independent self-regulatory bodies are often missing. However, in the digital age, new forums for media criticism have emerged online.Ayman Mhanna, Executive Director of the Samir Kassir Foundation in Lebanon summarized the findings of the study as following:"The respondents to the survey from each country did not endow the traditional MAIs with much trust. Social media turns out to be a preferred instrument of media accountability in MENA - including countries like Libya that lack most MAIs. Overall, a severe lack of financial sustainability has been identified as a major challenge for media accountability in the MENA region. The lack of safety and protection of journalists has been emphasized as the main threat to media accountability particularly in countries with protracted conflicts like Iraq, Syria or Libya. Media literacy is an essential component towards achieving a minimum degree of media accountability."Representatives from the media, such as journalists, journalists associations as well as media publishers, media NGOs and journalism educators held joint discussions, in which they emphasized the existing challenges in the MENA region related to media accountability, such as shortcomings in the media content, missing public engagement in correcting media content, lack of media accountability trainings at universities, and the necessity to promote media literacy among marginalized groups and decriminalize defamation.In the online conferences, participants stressed that universities could play a more independent role, and could become a more active partner in carrying out media monitoring as a mechanism for accountability. They expressed the necessity to create an independent network of researchers from the MENA region and highlight the need to promote media literacy among the media audiences.

Conference Videos English I Conference Videos Arabic

Regional Workshop: “Media Accountability & Media Sustainability in the MENA region”

On September 24-25, 2021 the Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism (Germany) in cooperation with the Samir Kassir Foundation (Lebanon), conducted a two-day workshop entitled “Media Accountability and Media Sustainability in the MENA Region”.

The workshop provided an open space for discussions among media publishers and editors-in-chief from Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Sudan and Syria in addition to contributions from European media development professionals.

The workshop explained what media accountability is by stressing on ways in which the media sectors of the region, with its vibrant civil society, are able to self-regulate without state interference on questions of media ethics. The workshop was moderated by Isabella Kurkowski, Regional Coordinator of the program “Media Accountability in the MENA Region” at the Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism and by Dr. Khaled Gulam, Dean of Art and Information College at the University of Tripoli.

During the workshop, academics from the MENA region contributed with in-depth research to the media practitioners’ discussion on the links between media accountability and media sustainability. The workshop further demonstrated various challenges as well as common struggles and needs across different countries in the MENA region and provided important recommendations for the future, such as. 

1. Agree on a common standard for the ethics and principles pertaining to media practice within institutions,
2. Create an accreditation platform/mechanism, such as adopting the standards set by the Erich Brost Institute’s Global Handbook of Media Accountability framework, as well as international Fact-Checking Networks, such as RSF’s Journalism Trust Initiative,
3. Establish a coalition in the pursuit of creating an enabling environment for media accountability: financial sustainability, legal framework, advertiser engagement, and awareness campaigns with youth,
4. Contemplate cooperation for the development of creative content, which attracts various audiences across the region,
5. Adopt a flexible and pragmatic media strategy for the MENA region related to media accountability and media sustainability.

Recordings of the different workshop sessions can be found here:

• Plenary Discussion:
  What can media outlets in the MENA region achieve by applying Media Accountability Instruments and how to create the framework for it? What are the challenges in the MENA context? (click here to watch)
  Roula Mikhael (Maharat Foundation, Lebanon), 
  Daoud Kuttab (Community Media Network, Palestine), 
  Prof. Abeer Al-Najjar (University Sharjah), 
  Dr. Fatima el-Issawi (University of Essex)
  
   
• Panel: What newsrooms can do for Media Accountability? (click here to watch)
  
  1. “Ombudswoman experiences from Radio Jawhara ”
     by Narjess Mkhinini, Ombudswoman Radio Jawhara (Tunisia)
  2. Daraj.com –A digital media platform for the MENA region in its interaction related to users complaints
     by Hazem Al-Amin, Co-Founder and Editor-in-Chief (Lebanon, via Zoom connected)
  3. “Social media users and media accountability: The Case of Morocco”
     by Dr. Abdelmalek El Kadoussi (Morocco)

• Plenary discussion: Media Sustainability in the MENA region (click here to watch)
  Challenges, Needs and Existing Funding Initiatives in the MENA Region for Media Sustainability and Media Accountability
  Ayman Mhanna, Executive Director Samir Kassir Foundation
  Mira Milosevic, Executive Director Global Forum for Media Development 
  
   
• Panel: Innovative approaches from the MENA region in financial sustainability 
  (click here to watch)
  1. How to support media in the MENA region to be financially viable?
     by Mike de Villiers, Director Equal Rights and Independent Media - ERIM
  2. Non-profit journalism: Challenges and opportunities for media viability
     by Lina Ejeilat, co-founder and editor in chief, 7iber (Jordan)
  3. 2021 Social Media evolvement in the MENA region – Facts & Figures for media
     businesses: 
     Why is user interaction and credibility on social media more and more important?
     by Hadil Abuhmaid and Damian Radcliffe (pre-recorded presentation)
     
      
• "The impact of media ownership and media capture on media accountability"
  by Olaf Steenfadt, Media development and policy consultant 

Online Conference: Exploring the Potential of Media Accountability in Sudan

On 29-30 August 2021, the Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism in Germany and Mena Media Monitoring, in partnership with the Sudanese organization Salaamedia, organized a two-day workshop on media accountability in Sudan via Zoom. A group of representatives of civil society organizations, journalists, media lawyers, students, media actors and women right defenders from Sudan, as well as trainers from the Middle East and North Africa region participated in the workshop.

"This workshop was a historic moment, as it was the first time that an event was organized on the theme of media accountability in Sudan", stated Dr. Abbas Eltegani, a senior lecturer at the Centre for Peace Studies and Culture at the Sudan University of Science and Technology, who presented on the first workshop day an overview of the current state of play of media accountability in Sudan. During the relevant discussions problems have been highlighted of current existing structures in Sudan that often provide more space for sanctions in journalism rather than for media accountability. In this context the drafts of three new media laws (Press and publications law, Access to information law, Radio and television broadcasting law) have been seen as possible challenges for future journalistic work due to the fact that journalists so far have not been consulted in the draft of the relevant bills.

The workshop provided participants with a number of important presentations in the field of media accountability at the international and local level, such as the experience of Bosnia and Herzegovina in media accountability as well as the presentation by Dr. Ashraf Abdulaziz, Editor in Chief of Aljarida newspaper (Sudan), who provided experiences on media accountability methods in daily practice in newsrooms in the Sudanese context. The media lawyer, Mohamed Badawi, presented the draft of the new press law that is currently under discussion in Sudan. Media Accountability resources have been presented to the participants by a newly introduced MENA Media Accountability Online Resource Platform, which was developed by the Erich-Brost-Institute in English and Arabic language.

Dr. Abbas Eltigani recommended opening a public debate on media accountability in the Sudanese media and to establish a Media Accountability Working Group in Sudan. He pointed out that it will be essential to organize meetings and lectures also with Sudanese universities to raise the issue of including media accountability in media education curricula. 

This was not the only recommendation produced by the workshop, but more than 20 recommendations have been made by the participants in an attempt to answer the question: "What needs to be implemented in the near future in Sudan in order to strengthen media accountability?" 

The recommendations included, the need for an independent journalists' union to sponsor a unified code of conduct and the need to involve Sudanese journalists and media professionals in discussions on draft laws. In addition, the UNESCO proposal for the establishment of an Independent Commission for Information and Media Reform should be adopted in Sudan. 

In the same spirit, the Erich-Brost-Institute for International Journalism Program Manager, Isabella Kurkowski,  recommended "building a bridge between Sudanese legislators and policy makers and media stakeholders under the auspices of international organizations such as UNESCO, in order to open discussion, exchange views and clarify important issues between all these parties, including a way to find a common ground for consensus and the establishment of agreed laws and structures for the media.

The workshop opened up prospects for joint regional cooperation between all media actors from Sudan, Tunisia and Germany. In 2014 the Erich-Brost-Institute for International Journalism established an Ombudspeople Network in Tunisia. The ombudswoman of the private radio station Radio Jawhara Fm in Tunisia, Narjess Mkhinini, who presented her experience at the workshop, explained that "the director of Radio Jawhara Fm opens his doors to Sudanese actors to exchange and share experiences from the Tunisian experience on media accountability in the newsroom.”

Following the presentation by Fatma Louati on the recently by Erich-Brost-Institute for International Journalism published pilot-study “Media Accountability in the MENA Region”, which researched the current media accountability situation in nine different countries, it was stressed by the workshop participants to carry out such a study also in Sudan.

Recordings of the different workshop sessions can be found here:

• Introduction to the topic of Media Accountability in Sudan
  by Dr. Abass Eltegani, Lecturer at Institute of Peace Studies and Culture of Peace
  (click here to watch in Arabic)
  
   
• Presentation of outcomes of the pilot study “Media Accountability in the MENA Region”
  by Fatma Louati, MENA Media Monitoring)
  (click here to watch in Arabic)
  
   
• Presentation of the Media Accountability in the MENA Region Platform
  by Isabella Kurkowski, Regional Coordinator Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism
  (click here to watch in English)
  
   
• Media Accountability practice from Bosnia and Herzegovina 
  by Isabella Kurkowski, Regional Coordinator Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism
  (click here to watch in English)
  
   
• Ombudswoman experiences from Radio Jawhara
  by Narjess Mkhinini, Ombudswoman Radio Jawhara (Tunisia)
  (click here to watch in Arabic)
  
   
• Working Group Session: What needs to be implemented in the near future in Sudan in order to enhance Media Accountability?”
  Presentation of the outcomes of the Working Groups

Online Zoom Webinar: Exploring the Potential of Media Accountability in Iraq

On 24-25 October 2021, the Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism in Germany and Mena Media Monitoring, based in Tunisia, organized a 1,5-day online workshop entitled “Exploring the potential of media accountability in Iraq”. The project was financed with the support of the Federal German Foreign Office. More than 30 participants, including journalism educators, journalists, editors in chief, representatives of civil society organizations, members of the National Human Rights Commission as well as trainers from the Middle East and North Africa region participated in the workshop to discuss the challenges and needs of implementing media accountability in Iraq. Existing challenges for media freedom (Iraq is ranking 163 out of 180 countries, according to the Reporters Without Borders World Press Freedom Index 2021) include the imprisonment of journalists based on outdated penal code laws, currently missing laws on free access to information and draft bills related to hostile cybercrime laws, the weak role of journalists syndicates as watchdogs of media freedom, and a high level of militia and state interference into daily journalistic work. Yet, it was stated that “the time is right to start a dialogue on media accountability between the government, the media, judiciary, CSOs and academia to support relevant changes on each and every level related to media freedom in Iraq.”

The high misusage of hate speech in the public sphere, alongside with media being divided in existing sectarianism structures revealed in the discussions that a credible mediatory and self- regulatory complaints mechanism for ethical breaches is currently missing and that the time is right to enforce a dialogue on how to set-up such a mechanism within the media itself. Ahmed Kato, Head of the National Organization for Diversity and Minorities, explained the need for implementing Media Accountability, especially in the case of reporting on ethnic minorities and to enable citizens and journalists to address to a mediatory and credible self- regulatory body all hate speech abuses that vulnerable groups are exposed to as a result of unprofessional media coverage. The Director of the National Human Rights Commission, Dr. Wisam Kathim, stated: “Our institution is as an independent body open to all complaints in regards to Human Rights abuses, including also media.” Best practice examples, such as the successful implementation of ombudspeople as mediators in 13 media outlets in Tunisia, have been introduced to the participants by the presentation of Narjess Mkhinini, the ombudswoman of the private radio station Radio Jawhara FM in Tunisia, who shared her experience at the workshop with the participants and opened new perspectives for similar effective activities in Iraq. Dr Masroor Mohialdeen, the Commissioner for Human Rights in Iraq, emphasized: “Tunisia due to its successful experiences should have a leading role in training Media Accountability in Iraq and the MENA Region.”

Dr. Habeeb Ibrahim, Assistant Professor at the Institute for Media Studies at the Ruhr-Bochum University and author of the Iraq chapter of the Erich Brost Institute’s pilot study “Media Accountability in the MENA Region”, provided an overview of the state of play related to applied and missing media accountability instruments in Iraq. The experience of the press council in Bosnia and Herzegovina with its well implemented interconnection with CSOs, government, academia and judiciary presented by the Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism’s MENA Programme Manager, Isabella Kurkowski, was initializing a fruitful discussion among the participants to enforce a future dialogue with government and judiciary, expressing the existing needs of media workers and citizens. Dr. Radwan Badini as well as Mr. Fared Hassan explained that such a dialogue should take place in Iraq and that “we need to work hand in hand to foster independent media and transparency in Iraq – we need independent and experienced media people in the right institutions in order to develop a joint model of media accountability”.

In different working group sessions, the distinguished participants developed a road map for media accountability in Iraq with overall 24 recommendations: Participants from different backgrounds agreed on the need to support the dialogue between the government, the media, judiciary, CSOs and academia by organizing an annual media accountability conference that brings together all the stakeholders in one place in order to discuss the current needs and challenges of media accountability, and which makes the government aware of the importance of media accountability as part of the democratic transformation.

Renowned journalism educators from different universities and media institutes in Iraq stressed on “the grave ethical breaches in media content” and expressed the need to educate also qualified trainers in media accountability in order to sensitize all relevant stakeholders such as media, journalists, governmental representatives, judiciary and citizens. Dr. Irada Al- Jubouri from the College of Media at the University of Baghdad expressed the urgent need to include the subject of Media Accountability in the university curricula of journalism education in Iraq.

Participating journalists also evoked the problem of security of journalists who are subjected to physical threats and assassinations by armed militia groups as well as to the repression and imprisonment due to the absence of a legislation that can protect journalists as well as their right to access information. The currently weak role of journalism syndicates as watchdogs of journalists’ rights was highlighted constantly. The recommendation was given that journalists’ syndicates should have a more active role in enforcing media accountability structures in Iraq. They could play a relevant role by supporting the development of a joint and credible code of ethics in Iraq to which all media should adhere.

The full report including relevant recommendations:

English  I Arabic

PowerPoint Presentations of the different workshop sessions can be found here
(in English and in Arabic).

Recordings of the different workshop sessions will soon be available to watch here:

• Introduction to the topic of Media Accountability in Iraq
  by Dr. Habeeb Ibrahim, Institute of Media Studies at Ruhr University Bochum in Germany 
  
   
• Presentation of the outcomes of the pilot study “Media Accountability in the MENA Region”:
  by Fatma Louati, MENA Media Monitoring
  
   
• “Media Accountability practice from Bosnia and Herzegovina”
  by Isabella Kurkowski, former advisor at the Press Council in Bosnia and Herzegovina
  
   
• Plenary discussion:
  1. “Ombudswoman experiences from Radio Jawhara ”
  by Narjess Mkhinini, Ombudswoman Radio Jawhara (Tunisia)
  2. “Iraq: Challenges of Media Accountability in the daily journalistic practice”
  by Monthadar Nasser, Al-Aalem Al-Jadeed
  
   
• Introduction of the Media Accountability Platform in the MENA region and the MENA Media Accountability Regional Network Initiative
  by Isabella Kurkowski and Fatma Louati
  
   
• Working Group Session: “What needs to be implemented in the near future in Iraq in order to enhance Media Accountability?”
  Presentation of the outcomes of the Working Groups

Regional Workshop in Tunis: Media Accountability - Involving the Audience

A three-day workshop entitled “Media Accountability – Involving the Audience” took place in Tunis on December 20-23, 2021. The Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism (Germany) organized the event in cooperation with MENA Media Monitoring (Tunisia) and the Media Development Center (Tunisia). Media representatives such as publishers, representatives of selfregulatory bodies and regulatory bodies, ombuds people, journalists and editors-in-chief, as well as representatives from academia and NGOs attended the event. The 35 participants and experts came from Algeria, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Germany, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Poland, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey.

The aims of the workshop were twofold. First to explore the current standards and practices related to applied Media Accountability in the overall MENA Region. Secondly, to investigate the relevant audience involvement in the media accountability process as an interactive component in reflecting news, demanding corrections as well as in shaping programs and sending complaints in cases of breaches of relevant ethical codes.

The full report including relevant recommendations is available here:

English I Arabic

PowerPoint Presentations of the different workshop sessions can be found here
(in English and in Arabic).
 

Interview with Ljiljana Zurovac, the former Executive Director of the Press Council in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Media accountability in practice is very often connected to Press or Media Councils, which by a formal complaint procedure on the basis of a Press Code of Conduct try to self-regulate ethical breaches and to settle complaints from the readers/users side cost-free, rapidly and without court procedures.

Ljiljana Zurovac, the former Executive Director of the Press Council in Bosnia and Herzegovina - one of best practice examples for established Press Council´s in the post-conflict region of the Western Balkans - explains in a video-webinar-interview with Isabella Kurkowski (senior researcher and lecturer at the Erich-Brost-Institute for International Journalism) the establishment, management and work of the complaints commission of the Press Council in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
 

Interview mit Ljiljana Zurovac:

English Version

Arabic Version

PowerPoint Presentation by Ljiljana Zurovac:

English Version

Arabic Version

Regional Network for Media Accountability in the MENA Region

During the launch of the pilot-study "Media Accountability in the MENA Region" (download here in English or Arabic)  and the five separate online Webinars from 23-25 February, 2021 (watch the recording here in English or Arabic) related to media accountability, the representatives from 9 countries (Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syria and Tunisia) such as journalists, journalists associations as well as media publishers, media NGOs and journalism educators in joint discussions emphasized the existing challenges in the MENA region related to Media Accountability, such as shortcomings in the media content, missing public engagement in correcting media content, lack of media accountability trainings at universities, and the necessity to promote media literacy among marginalized groups and decriminalize defamation.

In the online conferences, participants stressed that universities could play a more independent role, and could become a more active partner in carrying out media monitoring as a mechanism for accountability.

They expressed the necessity to create an independent network of researchers from the MENA region and highlight the need to promote media literacy among the media audiences.

The representatives of NGOs, Media, journalism educators, journalists’ associations as well as journalists themselves agreed to establish a regional network, with regular meetings and information-exchange and to use the network for future training opportunities.

Members of the Regional Network for Media Accountability in the MENA Region:

Algeria:

• École Nationale Supérieure de Journalisme et des Sciences de l'Information d'Alger 
• Université Yahia Fares de Médéa 

Egypt:

• International Higher Institute of Media - El-Shorouk Academy
• Arab Program for Human Rights Activists

Germany:

• Institute for Media Studies - Ruhr University Bochum

Iraq:

• College of Media - University of Baghdad
• Salahaddin University-Erbil
• University of Babylon

Jordan:

• Philip Madanat Consultancy
• Jordan Transparency Center 
• Community Media Network  
• No border for Training and Human Resources  
• Faculty of Mass Communication - Yarmouk University  
• Jordan Media Institut  

Lebanon:

• Samir Kassir Foundation
• The Lebanese University 
• Arab Centre for Communication and Development Researches (ACCDR) 
• Radio Voice of All Lebanon

Libya:

• Libyan Organization for independent Media (LOFIM)
• Al Zawiya University
• University of Tripoli

Morocco:

• ENASS 
• Women for Diversity and Peace 
• Institut supérieur de l'information et de la communication 

Sudan:

• Salammedia
• Islamic University 
• Comboni College of Science and Technology

Syria:

• Aleppo University Technical Institute for Media
• Journalists for Human Rights (Syria, working from Turkey)
• Syrian Center for Media and Freedom of Expression

Tunisia:

• Université Centrale 
• Institute of Press and Information Sciences (IPSI) 
• Forum des Médiateurs Tunisiens  
• Haute Autorité Indépendante de la Communication Audiovisuelle (HAICA)  

Handbook for Ombudspeople

The Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism has been active in the field of media self-regulation worldwide since 2010. The MediaAcT (Media Accountability and Transparency in Europe)  project carried out a comparative study on media self-regulation mechanisms (media accountability) of the EU member states from 2010-2013 and made corresponding recommendations to the EU.

Further publications such as "European Handbook of Media Accountability" (download here) and the "Global Handbook of Media Accountability" (to be published in 2021) are related to comparative study researches of Media Accountability in 43 countries.

The Erich Brost Institute moreover operates with 13 institutes from various countries through the online platform “European Journalism Observatory”.

Furthermore, projects such as workshops, training courses and seminars for journalists in the field of media accountability have been successfully carried out in Tunisia for several years with the aim of establishing a network of ombudsmen and publishing a Handbook for Ombudspeople in Arabic.

Download the Handbook for Ombudspeople:

Arabic Version